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Capitolo 15. Finestre |  |
| 2. Finestre relative alla struttura dell'immagine | ||
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Capitolo 15. Finestre | |
I seguenti pannelli permettono di controllare e gestire le strutture dell'immagine, come i livelli, i canali o i tracciati.
La finestra di dialogo «Livelli» è la principale interfaccia per modificare e gestire i livelli.
Questa finestra di dialogo è di tipo agganciabile; vedere la sezione sulle Finestre agganciabili per le istruzioni su come gestire questo tipo di finestre.
È accessibile:
from the main menu: → → ;
from the Tab menu in any dockable dialog by clicking on
and selecting
→ ,
attraverso la combinazione di tasti (predefinita): Ctrl+L.
In the menu, there is a list of detached windows which exists only if at least one dialog remains open. In this case, you can raise the «Layers» dialog from the main menu: → .
Every layer appears in the dialog in the form of a thumbnail. When an image has multiple layers as components, they appear as a list. The upper layer in the list is the first one visible, and the lowest layer the last visible, the background. Above the list one can find characteristics related individually to each layer. Under the list one can find management buttons for the layer list. A right-click on a layer thumbnail opens the Layer context menu.
GIMP allows you to select multiple layers and perform actions on them. You can e.g. move them to a different location in the layer stack, scale them, etc. Selecting multiple layers is done by using the mouse and Shift key, for adding a range of layers, or Ctrl key, for adding or removing the clicked layer.
Be aware that certain actions can only be done on a single layer. If you try to use such an action, e.g. using the paintbrush, a warning message will show up telling you that you can't do that and that you have to select a single layer.
Directly above the layer list is the header bar. On the left are three icons that show which column is used for visibility, lock, and layer effects. In the middle a text label will tell you how many layers are currently selected if it is more than one. On the right you see a search icon. Clicking in this part opens a search dialog where you can search for layers.
Search layers and Saved searches
Searching layers can be useful if you have a lot of layers in your project. As soon as you start typing in the search bar, it will start finding layers that match your search and select them. Multiple layers will be selected if they all match.
Below the search bar you will see a plus icon. Clicking this allows you to add the current search as a new named set. This search, and previously defined ones, will show up below the search bar. Clicking one of these saved searches will select all the layers matching the search term. Each saved search has a close icon in the right corner, which can be used to remove that saved search.
Every layer is shown in the list with its own attributes:
Visibilità livello
Clicking this icon toggles whether the layer is visible or not. (Shift-clicking on the icon causes all other layers to be hidden.)
Blocca
Clicking on the empty checkbox in the lock column of a layer opens a menu with the following options:
Blocca i pixel
When this toggle button is enabled, you cannot use any brush-based tool (Paintbrush, Pencil, Eraser etc.), the Airbrush or the Ink tool on the currently selected layer. This allows you to protect them from unwanted changes.
Blocca posizione e dimensioni
This toggle button enables or disables protection of layers from moving them around or transforming them. When this is enabled, then you cannot use any transform tool (Rotate, Shear, Perspective and others) or move it.
Lock visibility
This toggle button controls the «Lock» setting for the visibility of the layer. If this is enabled, the layer visibility cannot be changed until you disable the lock.
Blocca il canale alfa
This toggle button controls the «Lock» setting for the transparency of the layer. If this is enabled, the alpha channel for the layer is locked, and no manipulation has any effect on it. In particular, nothing that you do to a transparent part of the layer will have any effect.
Figura 15.2. Esempio di blocco del canale alfa
Il livello attivo ha tre strisce orizzontali, opache e verdi su uno sfondo trasparente. Disegnamo una striscia rossa verticale. «Blocco» non impostato: le aree opache e trasparenti del livello attivo vengono disegnate di rosso.
«Bloccato» spuntato: solo le aree opache del livello attivo vengono dipinte di rosso. Le aree trasparenti vengono preservate.
![[Suggerimento]](images/tip.png)
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If a layer name in the Layers dialog is in bold, then this layer has no Alpha channel. |
Layer Effects
When this icon is visible, there are Layer Effects present for this layer. Clicking it will open a dialog where you will see a list of all effects added to this layer. For each effect you can change the visibility, the order of the effects, merge all effects with the layer, or remove them.
Layer Effects are filters that change the layer non-destructively, that is, they can be added, removed or changed without changing the layer itself. They instead add effects on top of the layer.
A lot of the GEGL filters in the Colors and Filters menu can be used this way. The layer effects dialog consists of the following parts:
At the top there is a list of all layer effects that have been added to this layer. Note that the effects are applied on top of the layer starting with the effect at the bottom of the list.
To the left of each effect you can see an eye icon; which can be clicked to hide or show that specific effect. Next to that is the Filter effect icon.
The button bar at the bottom offers the following functionality:
Layer Effects Visibility
This toggle button controls the «visibility» setting for all the effects of the layer. By default all effects are visible. Clicking this hides the effects, allowing you to see the actual pixel contents of the layer.
Edit the selected filter
This button allows you to open the dialog of the selected layer effect to make changes to its settings. Alternatively you can also double click on the layer effect in the list to open the dialog.
Raise layer effect
Here you can move the layer effect up in the list.
Lower layer effect
Here you can move the layer effect down in the list.
Merge all active filters
This button lets you merge all active (visible) layer effects with the contents of the layer. This removes the layer effects from the layer after the effects have been applied to the layer.
Remove the selected filter
This button removes the selected layer effect.
The layer content is represented by a thumbnail. Maintaining left-click for a second on this thumbnail makes it larger. The border color of the layer depends on whether the layer is active or inactive.
You can change the name of the layer by double-clicking on it. You can also use the Edit Layer Attributes dialog in the context menu that you get by right-clicking on the layer.
![[Nota]](images/note.png)
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Nota |
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In the case of an animation layer (GIF or MNG), the name of the layer can be used to specify certain parameters: Layer_name (delay in ms) (combination mode), for example Frame-1 (100 ms) (replace). The delay sets the time during which the layer is visible in the animation. The combination mode sets whether you combine the layer with the previous layer or replace it: the two modes are (combine) or (replace). |
Above the layer list, it is possible to specify some properties for the selected layers. The selected layers are highlighted. The properties are:
La modalità determina come il livello interagisce con gli altri livelli. Dal menu a discesa si può accedere a tutte le modalità messe a disposizione da GIMP. Le modalità dei livelli sono descritte in dettaglio in Sezione 2, «Modalità del livello».
Spostando la barra di scorrimento si conferisce una maggiore o minore opacità al livello. Con un valore di opacità pari a 0 il livello è trasparente e completamente invisibile. Non va confusa con la maschera di livello che imposta la trasparenza pixel per pixel.
Al di sotto della lista un insieme di pulsanti permette di eseguire alcune operazioni basilari sui livelli.
Create new layer
Qui è possibile creare un nuovo livello. Si apre una finestra di dialogo, la cui descrizione si trova in Nuovo livello.
Premere il tasto Maiusc per aprire un nuovo livello preimpostato con valori usati più recentemente.
Create new layer group
Da qui si può creare un nuovo gruppo di livelli. Viene creato un nuovo livello, dove è possibile depositare i livelli.
I gruppi di livelli sono descritti in Gruppi di livelli.
Alza il livello
Da qui è possibile spostare in su il livello all'interno della lista. Tenendo premuto il tasto Maiusc il livello verrà spostato in cima alla lista.
Abbassa il livello
Da qui è possibile spostare in giù il livello all'interno della lista. Tenendo premuto il tasto Maiusc il livello verrà spostato in fondo alla lista.
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Suggerimento |
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Prima di poter spostare un livello in fondo alla lista, potrebbe essere necessario aggiungere al livello di sfondo il canale della trasparenza (chiamato anche canale alfa). Per fare ciò si deve fare clic con il tasto destro sul livello di sfondo e scegliere aggiungi canale alfa dal menu. |
Duplicate layers
Here you can create a copy of the selected layers. Name of new layer is suffixed with "copy".
Fondi livelli
Ancora livello
The button is only visible when a floating selection is present. It anchors the floating selection to the previous active layer.
When there is no floating selection, the
icon
is shown, with several possibilities:
Merge these layers with the first visible layer below it.
Premendo Maiusc: fonde i livelli del gruppo di livelli in un livello normale.
Pressing Ctrl: merge all visible layers into one layer.
Premendo Maiusc+Ctrl: fonde tutti i livelli visibili con gli ultimi valori usati.
Add masks to layers
Add masks to selected layers.
Delete layers
Here you can delete the selected layers.
Other functions about layer size are available in the Layer context menu you get by right clicking on the Layers dialog. You can find them also in the submenu of the main menu.
You will find merging layers functions in the Image main menu.
Click and hold on layer thumbnail or layer name: the thumbnail enlarges and you can move it by dragging the mouse. Selecting and moving multiple layers is also possible.
So you can place this layer or layers somewhere else in the layer list.
You can also drop the layer into the Toolbox: a new image is created that contains this layer only. This does not work with multiple selected layers.
Finally, you can drop the layer into another image: this layer will be added to the layer list, above existing layers.
By right-clicking in the Layers dialog, or by opening the from the tab menu, a context menu for the Layers dialog will open.
La maggior parte dei comandi in questo menu sono già stati documentati sopra o altrove:
Ad eccezione di Larghezza, Altezza e Riempi con, questa finestra di dialogo è uguale alla Finestra di dialogo nuovo livello. Per informazioni sugli attributi del livello fare quindi riferimento alla documentazione di quella finestra di dialogo.
Vedere Spazio fuso nella finestra di dialogo Nuovo livello.
Vedere Spazio composito nella finestra di dialogo Nuovo livello.
Vedere Modalità composita nella finestra di dialogo Nuovo livello.
Vedere la documentazione sulla Etichetta colore nella finestra di dialogo Nuovo livello.
Questi comandi sono spiegati sopra, vedere le caratteristiche del livello.
Vedere la documentazione del menu comando Nuovo dal visibile.
See the Layer Boundary Size… menu command documentation.
See the Layers to Image Size menu command documentation.
See the Scale Layer… menu command documentation.
Vedere la documentazione per i comandi del Sottomenu maschera di livello.
Solo uno di questi sarà abilitato. Se il livello corrente non ha un canale alfa, potrai aggiungerne uno. In tal caso, puoi rimuovere il canale alfa.
See the Alpha to Selection menu command documentation.
Questo comando fonde tutti i livelli visibili in un livello.
Questo comando unisce tutti i livelli in un unico livello e rimuove la trasparenza.
A transparency mask can be added to each layer, which defines what parts of the layer are transparent or opaque. We call this a layer mask. A layer mask has the same size and same number of pixels as the layer to which it is attached. Every pixel of the mask can then be coupled with a pixel at the same location in the layer. The mask is a set of pixels in grayscale. The pixels with a value 0 are black and give a full transparency to the coupled pixel in the layer. The pixels with the maximum value (either 1.0 or 255) are white and give full opacity to the coupled pixel in the layer.
To create a layer mask start with a right click on the layer to call the context menu and select in the menu. A dialog appears where you can initialize the content of the mask:
White (full opacity): the mask is white in the Layers dialog. So, all pixels of the layer are visible in the image window since painting the mask with white makes layer pixels fully visible. You will paint with black to make layer pixels transparent.
Black (full transparency): the mask is black in the Layers dialog. So, the layer is fully transparent since painting the mask with black makes layer pixels transparent. Painting with white will remove the mask and make layer pixels visible.
Layer's alpha channel: the mask is initialized according to the contents of the layer's alpha channel.
Trasferimento canale alfa del livello: esegue la stessa operazione della voce precedente eccetto il fatto che inizializza anche il canale alfa del livello a totale opacità.
Selection: the mask is initialized according to pixel values found in the current selection.
Grayscale copy of layer: the mask is initialized according to a grayscale representation of the pixel values of the layer.
Channel: The layer mask is initialized with a selection mask you have created before, stored in the Channels dialog.
Invert mask: This checkbox allows you to invert: black turns to white and white turns to black.
When the mask is created, it appears as a thumbnail next to that of the layer itself. You can select the layer or the mask for editing by clicking on their respective thumbnails. The active item has a white border (which may not be clearly visible when you have a white mask).
When working with masks, it is a good idea to keep the Layers Dialog prominently visible, because you can't see, by looking at the canvas, whether the layer or the mask is active.
Pressing Alt (or Ctrl+Alt and clicking on the layer mask thumbnail) is equivalent to the Show Layer Mask command: the layer mask border turns to green. If you press Ctrl the border is red and the result is equivalent to the Disable Layer Mask command. To return to normal view repeat the last operation. These options are for greater convenience in your work.
Figura 15.4. Un livello con una maschera di livello
This image has a background layer with a flower and another blue layer, fully opaque. A white layer mask has been added to the blue layer. In the image window, the blue layer remains visible because a white mask makes layer pixels visible.
Figura 15.5. Disegnare la maschera di livello
La maschera di livello è attivata. Disegnando con il colore nero, che rende il livello trasparente, si rende visibile il livello sottostante.
