간격(Spacing) (퍼센트)

“Spacing” is the distance between consecutive brush marks when you trace out a brushstroke with the pointer. You must consider drawing with a brush, whatever the paint tool, like stamping. If Spacing is low, stamps will be very close and stroke look continuous. If spacing is high, stamps will be separated: that's interesting with a color brush (like “green pepper” for instance). Value varies from 1 to 200 and this percentage refers to brush “diameter”: 100% is one diameter.

설명

붓 도구 대화 상자에서 격자 모드를 사용할 경우, 붓 선택시 나오는 붓 이름입니다.

셀 크기

That is size of cells you will cut up in layers. Default is one cell per layer and size is that of the layer. Then there is only one brush aspect per layer.

큰 하나의 레이어에서 셀들을 잘라내 움직이는 붓의 각 붓로 사용할 수도 있습니다.

For instance, we want a 100×100 pixels brush with 8 different aspects. We can take these 8 aspects from a 400×200 pixels layer, or from a 300×300 pixels layer but with one cell unused.

셀의 수

모든 레이어에서 잘라지는 셀의 총 수입니다(셀 하나는 붓 모양 한 개입니다). 기본값은 레이어의 수로 이 경우 붓 모양 한개에 하나의 레이어만 사용됩니다.

Display as

This tells how cells have been arranged in layers. If, for example, you have placed height cells at the rate of two cells per layer on four layers, GIMP will display: 1 rows of 2 columns on each layer.

Dimension, Ranks, Selection dropdown

이 부분은 굉장히 복잡하기 때문에 셀과 레이어가 놓이는 방법에 대해 자세히 설명을 할 것입니다.

GIMP starts retrieving cells from each layer and stacks them into a FIFO stack (First In First Out: the first in is at the top of the stack and so can be first out). In our example 4 layers with 2 cells in each, we'll have, from top to bottom: first cell of first layer, second cell of first layer, first cell of second layer, second cell of second layer, …, second cell of fourth layer. With one cell per layer or with several cells per layer, result is the same. You can see this stack in the Layers Dialog of the resulting .gih image file.

그 후 설정한 차원 값을 가지고 배열을 만듭니다. 차원은 4차원까지 사용할 수 있습니다.

In computer science an array has a “myarray(x,y,z)” form for a 3 dimensions array (3D). It's easy to imagine a 2D array: on a paper it's an array with rows and columns

With a 3d array we don't talk rows and columns but Dimensions and Ranks. The first dimension is along x axis, the second dimension along y axis, the third along z axis. Each dimension has ranks of cells.

To fill up this array, GIMP starts retrieving cells from the top of stack. The way it fills the array reminds that of an odometer: right rank digits turn first and, when they reach their maximum, left rank digits start running. If you have some memories of Basic programming you will have, with an array(4,2,2), the following succession: (1,1,1),(1,1,2),(1,2,1),(1,2,2),(2,1,1),(2,1,2),(2,2,2),(3,1,1),…, (4,2,2). We will see this later in an example.

Besides the rank number that you can give to each dimension, you can also give them a Selection mode. You have several modes that will be applied when drawing:

Incremental

GIMP selects a rank from the concerned dimension according to the order ranks have in that dimension.

Angular

GIMP selects a rank in the concerned dimension according to the moving angle of the brush.

The first rank is for the direction 0°, upwards. The other ranks are affected, clockwise, to an angle whose value is 360/number of ranks. So, with 4 ranks in the concerned dimension, the angle will move 90° clockwise for each direction change: second rank will be affected to 90° (rightwards), third rank to 180° (downwards) and fourth rank to 270° (-90°) (leftwards).

Random

GIMP selects a rank at random from the concerned dimension.

Velocity, Pressure, Xtilt, Ytilt

These options are for sophisticated drawing tablets.

예제

1차원 이미지 파이프

이제 실제적으로 이러한 것들이 어떻게 사용되는지 알아보겠습니다. 다음 예제들에서는 각 차원에 따라 붓이 어떤 움직임을 보이는지 보여줍니다.

Let us start with a 1D brush which will allow us to study selection modes action. We can imagine it like this:

Follow these steps:

1. Select File → New… from the main menu.

   Set Width and Height for example to 30 pixels.

   In the Advanced Options, set the Color space to RGB color and set Fill with to Transparency.

   Using the Text tool create 4 layers “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”. Delete the “background” layer.

2. Select File → Save… from the main menu to first save your image as an .xcf file to keep its properties.

   Select File → Export As… from the main menu to export the image as an animated brush with the .gih extension.

   Export the image with a .gbr extension in the brushes directory in your personal GIMP folder. The location of this folder depends on your OS:

   • Linux: /home/user_name/.config/GIMP/3.0/

   • macOS: /Users/user_name/Library/Application Support/GIMP/3.0/

   • Windows: C:\Users\user_name\AppData\Roaming\GIMP\3.0\

3. In the Export Image as Brush Pipe dialog, provide a Description, set the Spacing (percent) to 100, set the Cell size to 30×30, set Dimension to 1, and set Ranks to 4, and the Selection drop-down to incremental. Then click the Export button.

4. In the Brush Dialog, click on the button Refresh brushes .

   Your brush appears among the other brushes. You can use it immediately, without restarting GIMP.

   Select your brush. Select pencil tool for instance and click and hold with it on a new image:

   

   You see 1, 2, 3, 4 digits following one another in order.

5. Take your .xcf image file back and save it as .gih setting the Selection drop-down to random:

   

   Digits will be displayed at random order.

6. Now set the Selection drop-down to angular:

   

3 차원 이미지 호스

이제 3차원 움직이는 붓을 만들 것입니다. 3차원 움직이는 붓의 방향은 칠하는 방향에 따라 바뀝니다. 여기서는 검정색과 파란색이 무작위로 나타나며 좌/우 손 모양이 규칙적으로 나타나는 붓을 만들 것입니다.

The first question we have to answer to is the number of images that is necessary. We reserve the first dimension (x) to the brush direction (4 directions). The second dimension (y) is for Left/Right alternation and the third dimension (z) for color variation. Such a brush is represented in a 3D array “myarray(4,2,2)”:

There are 4 ranks in first dimension (x), 2 ranks in second dimension (y) and 2 ranks in third dimension (z). Thus there are 4×2×2 = 16 cells. We need 16 images.

1. Creating images of dimension 1 (x)

   Open a new 30×30 pixels image, RGB with Transparent Fill Type. Using the zoom draw a left hand with fingers upwards.^[2] Save it as handL0k.xcf (hand Left 0° Black).

   Open the Layers Dialog. Double click on the layer to open the Layer Attributes Dialog and rename it to handL0k.

   Duplicate the layer. Let visible only the duplicated layer, select it and apply Layer → Transform → Rotate 90° clockwise. Rename it to handL90k.

   Repeat the same operations to create handL180k and handL-90k (or handL270k).

2. Creating images of dimension 2 (y)

   This dimension in our example has two ranks, one for left hand and the other for right hand. The left hand rank exists yet. We shall build right hand images by flipping it horizontally.

   Duplicate the handL0k layer. Let it visible only and select it. Rename it to handR0K. Apply Layer → Transform → Flip Horizontally.

   다른 왼손 레이어에 대해서도 똑같은 작업을 반복하여 오른손 레이어를 만듭니다.

   Re-order layers to have a clockwise rotation from top to bottom, alternating Left and Right: handL0k, handR0k, handL90k, handR90k, …, handR-90k.

3. Creating images of dimension 3 (z)

   세번째 차원(z) 이미지 만들기): 세번째 차원은 검정색과 파랑색의 2개 열을 가지고 있습니다. 검정색은 이미 있으므로, 두번째 차원의 이미지들을 복제한 뒤 파란색으로 칠해서 파랑색 열을 만듭니다. 이제 총 16개의 이미지가 만들어질 것인데, 이를 다루기란 쉽지 않습니다. 먼저 두 개의 이미지 레이어를 가지고 해보겠습니다.

   Select the handL0k layer and let it visible only. Use Image → Canvas Size… to change the canvas size to 60×30 pixels.

   handL0k 레이어를 복제한 뒤, 채우기 도구를 이용해 손 모양에 색을 칠합니다.

   Now, select the Move tool. Double click on it to accede to its properties: check Move the Current Layer option. Move the blue hand into the right part of the layer precisely with the help of Zoom.

   Make sure only handL0k and its blue copy are visible. Right click on the Layers dialog: Apply the Merge Visible Layers command with the option Expand as Necessary. You get a 60×30 pixels layer with the black hand on the left and the blue hand on the right. Rename it to “handsL0”.

   다른 레이어 대해서도 같은 작업을 반복합니다.

4. Set layers in order

   Layers must be set in order so that GIMP can find the required image at some point of using the brush. Our layers are yet in order but we must understand more generally how to have them in order. There are two ways to imagine this setting in order. The first method is mathematical: GIMP divides the 16 layers first by 4; that gives 4 groups of 4 layers for the first dimension. Each group represents a direction of the brush. Then, it divides each group by 2; that gives 8 groups of 2 layers for the second dimension: each group represents a L/R alternation. Then another division by 2 for the third dimension to represent a color at random between black and blue.

   다른 방법은 배열 표현을 이용한 시각적인 방법입니다. 두 방법의 상관관계는 다음 그림에서 볼 수 있습니다.

   

   How will GIMP read this array?: GIMP starts with the first dimension which is programmed for “angular”, for instance 90°. In this 90° rank, in yellow, in the second dimension, it selects a L/R alternation, in an “incremental” way. Then, in the third dimension, in a random way, it chooses a color. Finally, our layers must be in the following order:

   

5. Voilà. Your brush is ready. Save it as .xcf first, then export as .gih with the following parameters:

   • Spacing: 100

   • Description: Hands

   • Cell Size: 30×30

   • Number of cells: 16

   • Dimensions: 3

     • 1 차원 : 4 열, 선택 : 각도(Angular)

     • 2 차원 : 2열, 선택 : 증분(Incremental)

     • 3 차원 : 2열, 선택 : 무작위(Random)

   Place your .gih file into the GIMP brush directory and refresh the brush box (see steps above). You can now use your brush.

   그림 7.19. 붓을 이용해 타원 선택 따라그리기

   

   This brush alternates right hand and left hand regularly, black and blue color at random, direction according to four brush directions.